I’ve been reading a book that I stole from Erik the Younger called
When Genius Failed by Roger Lowenstein. Published in 2000 – well before the big crash of ’08, Roger describes the ascent and failure of a hedge fund called Long Term Capital Management (LTCM). Funny name, given that it only lasted for four years, eh?
But since When Genius Failed was written in 2000, it is instructive in that it predates recent events. We know all about the failure of mortgage companies, hedge funds, investment bankers and big names like AIG from previous books and books made into movies
(Too Big to Fail). But nobody was paying attention in ’98. And the same strategies that brought down LTCM brought down all these other companies ten years later. Are we fated to see this happen every decade or so? Possibly. But I’d argue that capitalism’s boom and bust cycles – going back as far as the late 1700’s – are fundamentally changing. But more on that in a minute.
The book details how a bunch of egghead Ph.D., Nobel laureates got together and decided to leave academia and start a hedge fund. Armed with some algorithms running on those old Sun microsystems (never could get mine to work back in ’90), and a bunch of money from some foolish bankers, they invested in stocks, bonds, derivatives, options – any kind of financial instrument you can name. And they bought a whole bunch of those pieces of paper. Their thesis was that markets become unstable for short periods of time. Unstable markets come from the average investor reading headlines in the morning
Wall Street Journal and selling his investment at a discount. Why at a discount? Because at the same time he’s selling, so are a bunch of other investors who read the same article (it’s that herd behavior, y’all). Massive selling means prices drop. LTCM steps in to buy, waits a bit for equilibrium to be restored, and ta da! Profits. I’m oversimplifying what was a much more complex strategy, but these arrogant ivory-tower types thought they’d bought the motherlode, and couldn’t lose. Other arrogant individuals since the beginning of civilization have used the same strategy, not counting on what that other arrogant ivory-tower type Nassim Taleb called black swans. Never mind about that – back to the plot.
In the summer of 1998, the unthinkable happened and Russia defaulted on its debt. There was trouble in Brazil and in Asia as well. Black swans. LTCM banked on short stretches of instability – not long stretches (as in months, not days) of ever-widening spreads caused by extreme volatility. While all of us were distracted with the
Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky scandal, these boys were losing hundreds of millions of dollars a day.
None of this is very interesting, because it all happened again on a much bigger scale ten years later. The interesting part is LTCM could have been saved had leadership stepped in and provided the company with sufficient capital to weather the storm. The Fed was waiting for the banks to do it. No individual banker wanted to stick HIS neck out to lend them money on their downswing, so no bankers would do it. Despite encouragement from the head of the New York Fed, the bankers wouldn’t voluntarily work together to save them. So the hedge fund failed. It had its bones picked over by a consortium of banks that came together at the last minute. Contrast that to 2007 when the former head of Goldman Sachs, Treasury Secretary
Hank Paulsen learned from this mistake, and with assistance from Tim Geithner, New York Fed head, and Ben Bernanke, Fed Chair and Great Depression expert, threw money at the banks and only sacrificed Lehman Brothers in the process. Early in the crisis, he forced the banks to work together, forced them to buy failing companies (a fact I’m sure Jamie Dimon regrets now that he’s paying for Washington Mutual’s sins with a big fine) and stabilized the system by getting Congress to approve injecting $800 billion of capital into the financial system. Interest rates dropped to zero, where they remain today – a full five going on six – years later.
So it appears that genius consistently fails, sometimes leadership saves them – and us – from destitution, and the cycle continues, as it has since the Panic of 1792. But that guy who was almost Fed Chairman
Larry Summers has now thrown a bomb into the middle of the financial discussion, with a speech he gave on November 8th at an IMF gathering. Here’s a link to the Youtube video of it, if you’re interested:
Larry Summers’ Speech at an IMF gathering
And what did Larry say that is now being talked about like the second coming of Christ? He said something odd is happening today. After nearly six years of enormous amounts of money being injected into the system (see above) and zero interest rates, the economy is still not growing. Then – as if to stir things up, which he really likes to do – he asked a question: what if a zero interest rate is actually a barrier to the economy improving? What if zero is too high? What would happen if the effective interest rate was negative?
So let’s start with a definition: what is an “effective” interest rate of zero? If you borrow money at a rate of 5% and inflation is running at 7%, you have an effective interest rate of -2%. But what if inflation is zero? Or in the case of Japan for two decades and likely most of western and eastern Europe today, a country is experiencing deflation, or negative growth? Larry didn’t actually articulate the answer, because it flies in the face of current thinking, particularly in Washington. The answer he didn’t give is this: you pay people to borrow money. Yes, you loan them $10 and they pay back $9. Conversely, if you put that same $10 in a passbook savings account, when you go to take it out you’ll find only $9. Why, that’s insane, you say. A
savings account is supposed to make money, right? And if people make money by borrowing money, everyone will go crazy and pay off all their debts by borrowing. Well, yes, in fact on a macro scale, that is what this strategy would try to make happen. And what will be the result? There will be some stimulation to the economy, which will likely result in – yes you can say it: inflation!
Now the
Tealiban will say that is the worst kind of socialistic, communistic claptrap. Larry Summers would say it’s an idea that at least merits discussion for the US and every other major economy in the world.
Now, we’re not talking about doing this forever – maybe for a year or two. Then after inflation runs at 2-3% and real unemployment (i.e. people not falling off the rolls because they quit looking for work) is at 4 to 5%, then interest rates can gradually be raised.
The challenge with this idea, IMHO, lies in what happens to the party when you take the punchbowl away. Just as people have gotten used to low interest rates, making money by borrowing money would be even more addictive. Are you just postponing the crash and building a bigger bubble with this idea? Maybe. Or maybe, if it’s done right and with the cooperation of economists and economies across the globe, it might just kick start the global economy and put people back to work. Or, as we did in 1941, we can participate in a global war, with the loss of hundreds of thousands if not millions of lives. Which option do you prefer? Because if something doesn’t change fairly soon, a global war may be the only alternative left. Ever major war started with economic upheaval – yes, even the Revolutionary War (remember the tea tax that created the Boston Tea Party? How ironic…go find Alanis again…)
As crazy as all that sounds, Larry Summers might, in fact, be a genius, and this time he might succeed, as the IMF is taking up the banner, and there’s even talk of lowering the age for Social Security. A year ago, raising the retirement age was being discussed. Too bad those Democrats that opposed the idea of him becoming the head of the Federal Reserve didn’t recognize genius, and put him to work for the government when they had the chance.